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The Space Force and the National Security Act: All New Endeavours Suffer Growing Pains
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
1-10
Received:
15 December 2021
Accepted:
8 January 2022
Published:
17 January 2022
Abstract: The article details the history of the National Security Act (NSA), the National Security Council (NSC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the newly created Space Force (SF) in correlation to a changing political and international landscape from the 1940s to 2021. Primary and secondary sources were reviewed and included military and intelligence experts, interviews, as well as the foundation documents and laws for the NSA. Comparatively, the NSA and these organizations are examined in parallel to the evolving international political landscape. Also, these organizations all faced similar confrontations which include, but are not limited to, the reassignment of different roles, bureaucracy, and chain of command. Yet, the NSA and the creation of these intelligence organizations as well as the new branch of the military, the Space Force, are proactive measures for the United States to maintain efficacy, advantages, and potency in the domain of space which, from a military perspective protects satellites. It also includes the temporal use of individuals getting gasoline at gas pumps and the use of cell phones. Even so, all new ventures like the SF and the foundational NSA experience challenges, controversy, confrontations, and, at times, harsh critiques. Yet, the NSA’s broad-reaching security framework is still relevant and malleable to twenty-first-century policy, intelligence, and military needs. The NSA can and has met the current and future security threats like terrorism, and the new frontiers of space. Additionally, the newest member of the intelligence community, the Space Force, is a critical component to the United States military and intelligence presence in space.
Abstract: The article details the history of the National Security Act (NSA), the National Security Council (NSC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the newly created Space Force (SF) in correlation to a changing political and international landscape from the 1940s to 2021. Primary and secondary sources were review...
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The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management
Akposeimokumo Tounaregha,
Felix Izirin Uyabara
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
11-17
Received:
4 January 2021
Accepted:
24 March 2021
Published:
28 January 2022
Abstract: This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A total of 125 questionnaire were administered and 110 retrieved for analysis using SPSS 21. Poor implementation of electoral laws, lack of self-confidence of politicians, difficult environmental terrain, godfatherism, proliferation of small and light weapons cause violence during elections in the study area. Ex-militant and other criminal gangs, the independent National Electoral Commission and Security personnel are the major actors in election violence in the study area. The creation of skill acquisition programmes, sensitization and legal framework designed for combating electoral violence, address the issue of youth involvement in election violence, and difficult terrain, no access roads, inaccessibility of police stations in the area, poor communication network are clog on the wheel of managing youth involvement in election violence in the study area. Adequate empowerment programs must be put in place for youths; government should establish more security posts in the study area. State and federal government should construct more roads to link the area together. The role most youths perform in the political and electoral process is violent in nature and that youths are vulnerable instrument of electoral violence.
Abstract: This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descripti...
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Political Awareness Among Rural Women of Punjab: A Case Study of Sangrur District
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
18-23
Received:
25 December 2021
Accepted:
17 January 2022
Published:
28 January 2022
Abstract: India is a democratic nation. It is considered as the world’s largest democracy. Participation of people in working of government is the basic necessity for the success of democracy. It is significant that the extent of participation of individual and various groups in politics depends upon the level of their ‘awareness’. Thus the awareness about politics is the prerequisite of participation. Political awareness broadly defined as a knowledge and information that a person possesses about the nature, structures, functions, activities and problems of the political system in which an individual lives. In spite of constitutional provisions of gender equality and other political rights, only a small number of women have been able to make room for themselves in decision making process due to the lack of political consciousness. Many steps have been taken for the women empowerment as so far. There are many constitutional provisions about equal political participation of women. The 73rd and 74th amendment of the Indian constitution ensured the reservation of one third of Panchayats seats for women. These amendments brought about significant changes in the political scenario of the country with regard to women's participation in politics. But over the years, many researchers reveal that these amendments have had little effect on women's lives at the grassroots level. While political indicators reflects an increasing number of women contesting elections and holding offices in villages, study suggests that in most of the cases women's political participation gets reduced to tokenism and rubber stamp. Women empowerment is incomplete without the political awareness and their participation in the social, economic and political institutions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the pattern of political awareness among women with special reference to their knowledge about the political institutions of the country as well as their participation in the local self government and other decisions making structures. This paper also examines the role of political awareness in strengthening the political participation in politics and empowerment of rural women. It also analyzes the impact of social institutions like marriage, family etc. on the level of political awareness among rural women. This study is specifically confined to the four villages of Sangrur District of Punjab.
Abstract: India is a democratic nation. It is considered as the world’s largest democracy. Participation of people in working of government is the basic necessity for the success of democracy. It is significant that the extent of participation of individual and various groups in politics depends upon the level of their ‘awareness’. Thus the awareness about p...
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Global Public Policy and the Concept of Global Governance
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
24-28
Received:
15 January 2022
Accepted:
15 February 2022
Published:
25 February 2022
Abstract: The political science has developed in a great speed, especially in the field of public policy in all its forms and types. Public policy as a method and way of work is considered the general scientific framework of each state. But this does not exclude the existence of public policy in other international organizations and international institutions, thus, this study tries to answer this question; is there a global public policy? Several issues illustrated in this paper shows that those affairs are global beyond the influence of the state, the debate has emerged on global governance alongside global public policy. One of the fundamental factors that led to the emergence of global public policy is the growing role played by international organizations and institutions. Hence, this analysis shows the relationship between the concept of global public policy and global governance, which is a secretion of this provision and its outcome, cannot be said without it. In addition, it is found that the balances of power and interest are the fundamentalist determinants of global public policy direction and the procedural aspect of global governance and the external variable sometimes dominates the political and economic decision in a far-fetched way in terms of 'social and human democracy.
Abstract: The political science has developed in a great speed, especially in the field of public policy in all its forms and types. Public policy as a method and way of work is considered the general scientific framework of each state. But this does not exclude the existence of public policy in other international organizations and international institution...
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